A cutter refers to the type of excavator head equivalent to a basket cutterhead or bucketwheel on a hydraulic pipeline dredge. The cutter houses the suction intake and is used for slicing or agitating the supplies which might be being dredged.
Cutters have primary capabilities:
Loosen and break up materials from the underside of a waterway into smaller fragments that are compatible with the dredge’s pumping system.
Intro the crumbled particles into the high-velocity stream on the suction intake in a prescribed capacity where the supplies shall be then pumped and transported by way of a dredge’s hydraulic pipeline system.
Specialised types of dredger are usually of small measurement and output. They include easy jet-lift and air-lift, auger suction, pneumatic and amphibious dredgers.
Jet-lift dredgers use the Venturi impact of a concentrated high-speed stream of water to draw the adjacent water, collectively with bed material, into a delivery pipe. The jet head has no moving parts so blockage by wires and other dock particles is minimised. These dredgers are relatively small units and a few may be manoeuvred on spuds alone.
Air-lift dredgers are similar to the jet-lift dredgers however the medium for inducing water and materials flow is high pressure air injected at the mouth of the suction pipe. As with jet-lift dredgers there aren’t any moving parts within the flow system. Hard or other troublesome to loosen materials can’t be dredged.
Augur suction dredgers operate on the identical ideas as a cutter suction dredger, except that the mechanical reducing instrument is a rotating Archimedean screw positioned at proper angles to the suction pipe. The screw dislodges materials, which is fed to the centrally placed suction pipe. Most units have a shroud over the chopping screw which reduces the spread of the plume of disturbed bed materials which normally escapes from all dredgers. The augur suction dredger advances into the cutting face by hauling itself along a wire deployed directly ahead. Very accurate horizontal and vertical dimensions can be achieved.
Pneumatic dredgers work on the ‘evacuator’ principle. A chamber with inlets for bed material is pumped out with the inlets closed. The inlets are then opened and water and materials drawn in. The mixture is then pumped out and the cycle repeated. The unit is mostly suspended from a crane on land or from a small pontoon or barge. The dredging action is intermittent and suitable only for simply flowing material.
Amphibious dredgers have the weird function of being able to work afloat or elevated away from the water surface on legs. They are often outfitted with grabs, buckets or a shovel installation.
All of the above specialist types of dredger (and others) have been developed for particular situations and usually for small scale work resembling slender canals, industrial lagoons and reservoirs. Some types have been developed to deal with contaminated sediments with minimum disturbance. They are not normally employed for big scale maintenance or capital dredging work.
An additional type of dredger is the plough or bed leveller. This consists of a blade or bar which is pulled behind a suitable tug or work-boat. The tactic can be used for direct dredging over short distances and for levelling off the bed to the desired depth when a trailer or grab dredger is operating. It could even be used to tug away materials situated near quay walls and different places the place a trailer can’t attain into a more accessible area. Generally the trailer itself operates the leveller if no tug or work-boat is available.
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